Burnout, Psychological Capital and Health during COVID-19 Social Isolation: A Longitudinal Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Drawing on the impact of the COVID-19 global pandemic and its sanitary measures on coping strategies for preserving health, it is also necessary to add exposure to certain work stressors, such as burnout. The aim of the study was to assess the influence of the confinement situation caused by COVID-19 on the levels of self-perceived health and psychological capital in a sample of workers, as well as to analyze whether exposure to burnout before social isolation would help to explain the levels of health and psychological capital. METHODS: Data were collected in a longitudinal design. Time 1 surveys (December 2019) were sent to a sample of 354 Spanish workers while in Time 2 (April 2020) the employees completed 235 questionnaires. RESULTS: Our findings indicate a significant worsening of employees' health perception (t = -4.13; p < 0.01) and psychological capital (4.10, p < 0.01) levels during mandatory confinement in Spain. Our results also revealed that emotional exhaustion is the only burnout dimension capable of explaining the variance of health while self-efficacy does regarding psychological capital. CONCLUSION: We conclude a significant reduction in self-perceived health and psychological capital during COVID-19 mandatory confinement, and that burnout acts as a predictor variable in both health and psychological capital variance.

Explaining Job Search Behavior in Unemployed Youngsters Beyond Perceived Employability: The Role of Psychological Capital.

Job search seems to be a daunting task for youngsters in the Spanish labor market, unfortunately so given that it is the best predictor of getting a job even during economic crisis. Accordingly, it is vitally important to find resources that promote youngsters' job search. The present study examines the effect of psychological capital on job search through perceived employability in a sample of Spanish unemployed youngsters. We analyzed data of 568 Spanish unemployed youngsters aged 16-29 years using structural equation modeling. Results showed that unemployed youngsters who possess high levels of psychological capital also perceive more control over job search which is directly connected with their job search intention. Surprisingly, analyses also showed that perceived employability is not an antecedent of job search. Instead, psychological capital seems to be a more beneficial resource for keeping unemployed youngsters engaged in job search in an adverse economic context.

The role of resilience between workplace bullying and health: a mediational analysis / El papel de la resiliencia en la relación entre el acoso psicológico en el trabajo y la salud: un análisis de mediación

Workplace bullying is a serious problem that may arise within any occupation or organisation. Situations of workplace bullying are highly stressful and affect the health of workers who experience them in a negative way. Resilience has beenidentified as an essential capacity to protect people's health. This study focuses on how resilience functions in situations of workplace bullying. By means of questionnaires, information about workplace bullying behaviours, resilience, andpsychological health in a sample of 762 workers was collected. The results show that exposure to bullying behaviours is related to poorer health, and resilience has a mediating role in the relationship between workplace bullying and employees'health. Main findings, limitations, and practical consequences of this study are discussed. The results obtained may serve to assist human resources managers and professionals when they are designing programs aimed at both controlling andpreventing workplace bullying within organisations

Las situaciones de acoso laboral son altamente estresantes y afectan negativamente a la salud de los trabajadores que las perciben. La resiliencia se ha identificado como una capacidad esencial para la protección de la salud de las personas. Este trabajo se centra en cómo actúa la resiliencia en las situaciones de acoso laboral, mediante el análisis de las relaciones y del papel mediador-moderador de la resiliencia entre el acoso laboral y la salud en una muestra de 762 trabajadores españoles. A través de cuestionarios se recogió información sobre conductas de acoso laboral y se evalúo la resiliencia yla salud psicológica autopercibida. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que la exposición a conductas de acoso se relaciona con peor salud y que la resiliencia tiene un efecto mediador y no moderador entre el acoso laboral y la salud de los trabajadores. Se discuten los principales hallazgos de esta investigación, las limitaciones y sus implicaciones prácticas. Los resultados obtenidos pueden servir de ayuda a los directivos y profesionales de recursos humanos a la hora de diseñarprogramas que vayan dirigidos tanto al control y prevención de la violencia en las organizaciones como a desarrollar la resiliencia en los trabajadores

Propiedades psicométricas de la versión española de la escala de resiliencia de 10 ítems de Connor-Davidson (CD-RISC 10) en una muestra de desempleados / Psychometric properties of Spanish version of 10-item Connor-Davidson resilience scale (10-item CD-RISC) in an unemployed sample

El objetivo del estudio es analizar las propiedades psicométricas de la escala de resiliencia de Connor y Davidson (2003) en su versión reducida de 10 ítems (CD-RISC 10) desarrollada por Campbell-Stills y Stein (2007) y validada al español por Notario-Pacheco et al. (2011) en una muestra de 226 desempleados. Se llevó a cabo un análisis factorial confirmatorio (AFC) que corroboró el modelo unifactorial. Siguiendo las aportaciones teóricas, se propusieron las variables de salud psicológica, síntomas psicosomáticos y autoeficacia para analizar la validez de criterio. Las correlaciones entre las variables fueron estadísticamente significativas y siguieron la dirección teórica esperada. Se concluye que la versión española de 10 ítems de la CD-RISC de Connor y Davidson (2003) presenta adecuadas propiedades psicométricas para estimar la resiliencia en desempleados españoles.

The aim of this study was to analyze the psychometric properties of the Spanish adaptation of the scale of resilience CD-RISC by Connor and Davidson (2003), in its 10-item version developed by Campbell-Stills and Stein (2007), in a sample of 226 unemployed. We carried out a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) which corroborated the univariate model. Following the theoretical contributions, we proposed psychological health, psychosomatic symptoms and self-efficacy as variables to analyze the criterion validity. The correlations between the variables were statistically significant and followed the expected theoretical direction. We concluded that the Spanish 10-item version of the CDRISC by Connor and Davidson (2003) presents adequate psychometric properties to estimate resilience in Spanish unemployed.

Measurement of Psychological Capital in Spanish workers: OREA questionnaire / Evaluación del Capital Psicolçogico en trabajadores españoles: diseño y estructura empírica del cuestionario OREA

Psychological capital is a higher order construct made up of optimism, resilience, hope, and self-efficacy, which has a strong connection with different organizational variables. The aim of this study was to design a measure for assessing psychological capital in the workplace. Two samples of workers were used (N=238; N=338) belonging to Spanish companies from different socioeconomic sectors. Using the results of the first sample, and by means of an exploratory factorial analysis, a scale of 12 items was created. The 12 items included four triplets, each of which matches with one of the elements of psychological capital. The scale was called OREA (due to the names of these concepts in Spanish: Optimismo, Resiliencia, Esperanza, and Autoeficacia - Optimism, Resilience, Hope, and Self-efficacy). This measure was then applied to the second sample, and a structural equation analysis was made in order to contrast a one-factor model with a four-factor model. The latter showed very adequate adjustment values (GFI= .943; CFI= .936; RMSEA= .07). We therefore conclude that the OREA questionnaire is a consistent measure of psychological capital in connection with the theoretical model, and it has sufficient evidence of reliability and validity (AU)

El capital psicológico es un constructor de orden superior formado por cuatro componentes (optimismo, resiliencia, esperanza y autoeficacia) que comprende el desarrollo de aquellas habilidades que tienen un impacto directo en el resultado de distintas variables organizativas. El objetivo de este estudio es el diseño de un cuestionario para evaluar el capital psicológico en el ámbito laboral. Se utilizaron dos muestras de trabajadores (N= 238; N= 338) pertenecientes a empresas de distintos sectores socioeconómicos de la Región de Murcia. Con los resultados de la primera muestra y mediante un análisis factorial exploratorio se confeccionó un cuestionario de 12 ítems, tres por cada una de las facetas del capital psicológico, que se denominó́ OREA (optimismo, resiliencia, esperanza y autoeficacia). A continuación, se aplicó́ el cuestionario a la segunda muestra y se realizó́ un análisis de ecuaciones estructurales, en el que el modelo de cuatro factores presentó valores de ajuste muy adecuados (GFI= .943; CFI= .936; RMSEA= .07). Se concluye que el cuestionario OREA presenta una estructura empírica acorde con el modelo teórico, y niveles de fiabilidad y validez adecuados (AU)

Las competencias de Bartram como predictoras del desempeño en el sector del juego / Competencies from Bartram's Model as Predictors of Performance in Gambling Sector

Este trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar el modo en el que las competencias genéricas que recoge el modelo de Bartram pueden ser indicativas del desempeño en el puesto de trabajo en una muestra de 95 trabajadores, 56 hombres y 39 mujeres del sector de casinos. Se formó a un miembro de la organización de estudio para que realizase la evaluación del nivel de desarrollo de las competencias de cada trabajador, y se administró un cuestionario a todos los superiores y responsables de equipo con el fin de que puntuaran el desempeño laboral de los empleados a su cargo. Después de analizar los datos obtenidos, se puede destacar que mediante un análisis de correlación canónica aparece que el conjunto de competencias evaluadas es un buen predictor del desempeño contextual y en menor medida del desempeño de tarea. Dicho modelo se puede reducir a cinco destrezas básicas, entre las que sobresale el valor pronóstico de la capacidad de Trabajo en equipo.

The aim of this study was to analyse whether the Bartram's model of Greit Competencies could predict the job performance. A sample of 95 workers, 56 men and 39 women, from the casinos sector was used. A member of this gambling company was trained to evaluate workers' levels of competency. Moreover, a questionnaire was administered to managers and supervisors in order to evaluate the staff performance. After analysing the data using canonical regression, the results showed that the set of Bartram's competencies is a good predictor for contextual performance and it is less relevant for task performance. This model could be reduced to five basic competencies, highlighting teamwork skills.

Validación del cuestionario de conductas de hostigamiento (Mobbing) de einarsen y raknes es una muestra del sector hortofrutícola / Validation of questionnaire harassment behaviors (Mobbing) of Einarsen and Raknes is an example of horticulture

El acoso psicológico en el trabajo (mobbing o workplace bullying) ocasiona graves consecuencias tanto para la salud de los trabajadores como para el funcionamiento de las organizaciones, de este hecho deriva la necesidad de proponer instrumentos de medida adaptados a sectores concretos que ayuden a su detección. El propósito central de este trabajo es la validación del cuestionario de mobbing Negative Acts Questionnaire (NAQ; Einarsen & Raknes, 1997), en una muestra española de 638 trabajadores pertenecientes a organizaciones del sector hortofrutícola. Los resultados del análisis factorial confirmatorio indican una estructura factorial confirmatorio indican una estructura factorial de dos factores, coherente con la propuesta de Einarsen y Hoel (2001) de dos categorías de acoso: predatory bullying y work related bylllying. Además, el NAQ refleja una adecuada fiabilidad y validez para que pueda ser utilizado como indicador del mobbing en las organizaciones españolas del sector hortofrutícola (AU)

Mobbing or workplace bullying generates severe consequences for worker´s health and the organization itself. It is there fore important to provide assessment instruments tailored to detect mobbing in specific sectors. The central purpose of this study is the validation of the Negative Acts Questionnarire (NAQ; Einarsen & Raknes, 1997) in a Spanish sample of 638 workers belonging to the horticulture sector. Results of confirmatory factor analysis indicated two factors, consistent with those proposed by Einarsen and Hoel (2001), referring to the two broad categories of harassment: predatory bullying and work related bullying. Finally, the NAQ reflects suitable reliability and validity. Hence, it may be used as an estimate of mobbing in Spanish organizations operating in the horticulture sector (AU)

Workplace mobbing and effects on workers' health.

In this work, we analyze various consequences of the phenomenon of mobbing on the health of a work sector with special characteristics: the agro fruit sector. For this purpose, we collected data from a sample of 396 workers (61 men and 331 women) belonging to this sector in the Region of Murcia (Spain). A questionnaire with the following measurement instruments was administered: a Spanish adaptation of the revised Negative Acts Questionnaire (Sáez, García, & Llor, 2003), the Psychosomatic Problems Questionnaire (Hock, 1988), and a measure of absenteeism. The results revealed a significant and positive relation between workplace mobbing and psychosomatic symptoms, but not with absenteeism. The implications of the results for future research are discussed.

Workplace Mobbing and Effects on Workers’ Health

In this work, we analyze various consequences of the phenomenon of mobbing on the health of a work sector with special characteristics: the agro fruit sector. For this purpose, we collected data from a sample of 396 workers (61 men and 331 women) belonging to this sector in the Region of Murcia (Spain). A questionnaire with the following measurement instruments was administered: a Spanish adaptation of the revised Negative Acts Questionnaire (Sáez, García, & Llor, 2003), the Psychosomatic Problems Questionnaire(Hock, 1988), and a measure of absenteeism. The results revealed a significant and positive relation between workplace mobbing and psychosomatic symptoms, but not with absenteeism. The implications of the results for future research are discussed (AU)

En el presente trabajo analizamos distintas consecuencias del fenómeno del mobbing en el trabajo en un sector con características especiales como es el hortofrutícola. Para ello recogemos los datos de una muestra de 396 trabajadores (61 hombres y 331 mujeres) pertenecientes a este sector en la Región de Murcia. Se administró un cuestionario con los siguientes instrumentos de medida: NAQ-RE (Sáez, García y Llor, 2003), CPP (Hock,1988) y una medida de absentismo. Los resultados indican la existencia de una relación significativa y positiva entre mobbing en el trabajo y síntomas psicosomáticos, pero no con el absentismo. Se discuten las implicaciones que para la investigación futura tienen los resultados obtenidos (AU)

Incidencia, componentes y origen del mobbing en el trabajo en el sector hortofrutícola / Incidence, components and source of bullying at work in an agrofruit sector

En el presente trabajo analizamos la incidencia, componentes y origen del mobbing en el trabajo en el sector hortofrutícola. Se administró un cuestionario anónimo a todos los empleados (n=396) que asistieron al trabajo el día de la evaluación pertenecientes a empresas de dicho sector hortofrutícola. En este cuestionario se incluyó como medida del mobbing la escala NAQ-RE (Einarsen y Hoel, 2001) y otras variables. Los resultados indican que la tasa de incidencia del mobbing es muy alta (28%), que el mobbing no es un constructo único, y que el principal origen del mismo proviene de los superiores. Finalmente, se discuten las implicaciones de estos resultados para la teoría y la investigación futura

This article addressed prevalence, components an the source of workplace mobbing in a firm included in the agrofurit sector which has special characteristics. An anonymous questionnaire was administrated to a sample of workers employeed in organizations of this sector in Murcia (n = 396) which included a mobbing measure NAQ-RE (Einarsen y Hoel, 2001) and other measures. The results showed a wide prevalence rate of workplace mobbing (28%), workplace mobbing appears as a single construct, and supervisors as prior source of workplace mobbing. The consequences of these results for future theory and research are discussed